sanction 是批准，认可的意思 e.g.Official sanction has not yet been given.尚未获得正式批准。sanctions 有制裁的意思e.g.There were strict sanctions against absenteeism.旷工会受到严厉的处分。penalties 单数是penalty，意思是惩罚，处罚e.g.If you knock the ball with your hand in football, you will suffer a penalty.如果在踢足球时你用手碰到球，你将受到处罚。
